Real estate: A commercial mortgage

Whether constructing a building or buying an existing one, you will likely need a commercial mortgage to pay for it. A mortgage is a term loan typically amortized over 15 to 30 years.

Over the life of the loan, you will make monthly payments consisting of principal and interest. The loan is secured on the land and building. If you can’t repay the loan, the financial institution can seize the property and sell it to recover the money it has lent.

As with all loans, Interest rates and loan terms and conditions vary between financial institutions, so it makes sense to shop around.

“For example, you may find some banks are willing to lend you a greater percentage of the value of the property than others,” Quevillon says.

Equipment and machinery: Equipment loan

When financing the purchase of equipment or machinery, you will typically take a term loan that matches the lifespan of the piece you’re buying.

Computer equipment, for example, has a relatively short lifespan, so you would want to repay your loan over two, three or four years. On the other hand, a piece of manufacturing equipment will likely last longer, so you would want a longer-term loan.

“You don’t want to be in a situation where you need to buy a new piece of equipment and still be paying for the old one,” Quevillon says. “You would be making loan payments for equipment that’s not contributing anything to your cash flow. That’s something you want to avoid.”

Again, the loan will be secured against the value of the equipment you buy. A financial institution will lend you a percentage of the assessed value of the piece—remembering that its value depreciates over time.

Another popular option is to lease equipment. In a leasing arrangement, the vendor retains ownership of the equipment, and you pay a monthly fee for its use. At the end of the lease, you will typically have the option to either return the equipment or purchase it.

Leasing can be particularly appealing for quickly outdated equipment because you can easily exchange your old equipment for an updated version under a new lease agreement.

Working capital: Cash flow loan

Companies experiencing high growth often need extra working capital to meet operational expenses, including boosting inventory, increasing production and paying salaries. While a line of credit would generally be used for these expenses, your needs might exceed your credit limit during rapid growth.

A cash flow loan to complement your line of credit can be the answer, Quevillon says.

“In a period of strong growth, the orders may be coming in faster than the accounts receivable,” Quevillon says. “It can be tough if you don’t have sufficient cash flow. You may lose contracts for which you’ve already spent money. A working capital loan can help in this situation.”

Market expansion: Expansion loan and quasi-equity financing

Numerous projects fall under the umbrella of market expansion, including developing new products, opening new markets in Canada or abroad, and additional marketing and sales expenses.

Entrepreneurs are often tempted to use their everyday cash or line of credit to finance these types of expansion projects. However, this may leave you short of money if you hit a period of high growth or an unexpected slowdown.

In this case, it is preferable to take out a term loan. Working capital financing, for example, allows you to finance your projects over a more extended period while maintaining your working capital and line of credit for your operating expenses.

Quasi-equity financing is another possibility for entrepreneurs that are experiencing high growth but has little in the way of tangible assets for loan collateral. Quasi-equity is a hybrid of debt and equity with highly flexible repayment terms.

Buying a business: Build a flexible financing package

Entrepreneurs use various financing products to buy a trade, whether the goal is to facilitate the current owner’s exit or to grow the business through an acquisition of another company.

“A financing package that provides repayment flexibility is essential for ensuring successful ownership transitions,” Quevillon says.

A typical financing package will include some or all of the following:

• Senior debt—This is a loan secured on the assets of the company being purchased or the combined company in the case of an acquisition.
• Buyer’s equity—Purchasers usually are expected to invest money to help finance the acquisition of a business, both to reduce the amount that must be borrowed and to show their commitment to the success of the transition.
• Vendor financing—The seller of the business often agrees to be paid a percentage of the purchase price in cash and the remainder over time with interest.
• Mezzanine financing—The company’s assets do not typically secure this type of loan and has highly flexible repayment terms, making it an excellent complement to senior debt. It ranks below secured debt in repayment priority in case of default, and, for this reason, it carries more risk for lenders and comes with correspondingly higher interest rates.

Tech financing: Using debt to avoid dilution

Tech businesses have unique characteristics that require specialized financing to buy or develop new technology. The risk created by tech’s long research and development cycles means entrepreneurs often rely on equity investments until their products reach the commercialization stage.

More mature tech companies may be able to access quasi-equity financing or term loans. These debt options avoid ownership dilution and keep control of business decisions in the hands of the entrepreneurs.

For example, tech businesses with monthly recurring revenue are good candidates for term loans and quasi-equity because they have the regular cash flow to support repayment.

“Loans can be a good option for companies that are ready to accelerate their revenues and don’t want to reduce their ownership stake,” Quevillon says.